Simon Batchelor

Department for International Development
94 Victoria Street
LONDON
SW1E 5JL

Contract No: R7136


April 2000


Crown House
231 Kings Road
Reading
RG1 4LS
UK

phone:    44 (0)118 929 9513
fax:          44 (0)118 929 9514
email:      webpage@gamos.org



ã Gamos Ltd, 2002.

This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for international development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries.  The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID.




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Table of Contents

    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

    1. INTRODUCTION

                    1.1     OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
                    1.2     SUSTAINABILITY
                    1.3     THE PROBLEM
                    1.4     RESEARCH RESPONSE
                     1.5     METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

    2. DESCRIPTIONS OF PROGRAMMES

                    2.1     NATIONAL CONTEXT - MOZAMBIQUE
                        2.1.1     World Relief
                        2.1.2     Care Mozambique
                    2.2     NATIONAL CONTEXT – MALAWI 
                        2.2.1     Concern Universal
                    2.3     GENERAL COMMENTS

    3. BACKGROUND FOR RESEARCH

                    3.1     GENERAL LITERATURE SURVEY
                        3.1.1     Operation and maintenance (VLOM)
                        3.1.2     VLOM assumptions 
                        3.1.3     Community Participation
                        3.1.4     Water Committees and Management
                        3.1.5     The role of women
                        3.1.6     Training
                        3.1.7     Links to local government, private suppliers and community
                        3.1.8     Technology Choices
                        3.1.9     Emergency Rehabilitation Environments
                    3.2     DFID GUIDANCE MANUAL
                        3.2.1     Participation
                        3.2.2     Cost recovery – a sign of sustainability?
                        3.2.3     Private suppliers
                        3.2.4     Sustaining community based operation and maintenance
                        3.2.5     Agency links
                        3.2.6     Technology 
                        3.2.7     Measuring sustainability?

    4. METHODOLOGY

                    4.1     BASIS FOR THE INVESTIGATION
                        4.1.1     Data gathering
                        4.1.2     Analysis
                        4.1.3     Verification
                    4.2     SAMPLE
                        4.2.1     Sample Size
                        4.2.2     Sampling Process
                        4.2.3     Description of acquired sample

    5. FINDINGS

                    5.1     THE CONCEPTUAL CONSTRUCT
                    5.2     VERIFICATION BY THE PARTNER AGENCIES
                        5.2.1     Key Issues
                        5.2.2     The question of community involvement
                        5.2.3     The question of finance
                        5.2.4     The question of training
                        5.2.5     The question of technology
                        5.2.6     Agency constraints
                        5.2.7     Partner suggestions for data framework
                    5.3     VERIFICATION FROM CONFERENCE DELEGATES 
                    5.4     SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES FOR FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH

    6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

                    6.1     GENERAL DISCUSSION
                    6.2     PROGRAMME OUTCOME - PUMP RELIABILITY
                    6.3     BUILDING THE PICTURE ON AVERAGE DOWNTIME
                        6.3.1     Diagnosis
                        6.3.2     Accessing the mechanic
                        6.3.3     Funding the repair
                        6.3.4     Mechanic capability
                        6.3.5     Spares availability
                        6.3.6     Other factors highlighted by the data
                    6.4     FREQUENCY OF BREAKDOWNS
                        6.4.1     Reliance on mechanics
                        6.4.2     Use of the pump
                        6.4.3     Initial involvement
                        6.4.4     Involvement and Ownership
                    6.5     SOCIAL FACTORS
                        6.5.1     Section introduction
                        6.5.2     Competence
                        6.5.3     Organisation
                        6.5.4     Participation of the wider community
                        6.5.5     Section conclusion
                    6.6     OUTCOME INDICATORS FOR HEALTH AND HYGIENE
                    6.7     PROGRAMME HISTORY - THE INFLUENCE OF AN EMERGENCY CONTEXT
                    6.8     PROGRAMME DESIGN - CAN TRAINING MAKE UP FOR A WEAK ENTRY STRATEGY?

    7. EXIT STRATEGIES – A DISCUSSION

                    7.1     IS EXIT ACTUALLY POSSIBLE?
                    7.2     ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AN EXIT STRATEGY
                        7.2.1     Participation
                        7.2.2     Organisation
                        7.2.3     Training (Education)
                        7.2.4     Context
                        7.2.5     Optimal use of water
                        7.2.6     Settlement 
                        7.2.7     Environmental Sustainability
                    7.3     FUNDING OF EXIT STRATEGIES 
                        7.3.1     Who funds the exit?
                        7.3.2     How much to spend on an exit strategy?
                        7.3.3     Supply of Spares

    8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

                    8.1     RECOMMENDATIONS:-
                        8.1.1     Recommended immediate actions

    9. REFERENCES

    APPENDICES

                    12.1 BBOREHOLES AND PROGRAMMES
                    12.2 KEY ISSUES
                        12.2.1 Key activities leading to local sustainability
                        12.2.2 Principal blockages
                    12.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES
                    12.4 EMERGENCY INSTALLATIONS
                    12.5 REASONS GIVEN

            13. APPENDIX VALID PERCENTAGES OF VARIABLES

            14. APPENDIX - DATA ANALYSIS – WELL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

                    14.1 SUMMARY TABLE