10 Appendix MAPS OF MALAWI AND MOZAMBIQUE
Appendix 2
11 Appendix - LOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH
|
Narrative summary |
Measurable indicators |
Means of verification |
Important assumptions |
|
· Improved Assessment and Management of Water Resources for Resettlement Populations |
that at least two agencies incorporate the identified elements in their next water programme in southern Africa |
programme proposals submitted to funding agencies (DFID & others) |
· That the recommendations are accepted and used by agencies involved in water actions with resettlement populations. |
|
· To identify elements of a successful exit strategy for water programme with resettlement rural populations. |
at least four definable factors which influence successful exit.
|
Report summary available for distribution |
· That the recommendations are accepted and used by agencies involved in water actions with resettlement populations. |
|
· thematic evaluation of three water programmes in Southern Africa · analysis of common factors which have led to effective handover · workshop attendents endorsement of common factors · project management system installed and operational |
detailed data for three programmes is collated and available data has undergone analysis by both project team and management of 3 agencies working on resettlement water programmes workshop has reached conclusion and published report. |
Visit reports Interim reports Thematic evaluation report Workshop report Final report
|
· That there are identifiable common factors
|
|
Activities : · Initial literature review · three project visits including focus group discussions · workshop of major players in case studies · production of report |
Inputs: · project team · 6 airfares for project team · expenses for support staff (translators) · travel expenses for agency management to workshop · communication · report production |
|
· that agreed verbal co-operation of agencies becomes actual co-operation · that there is working agreement of governments for the project · that communities are willing to co-operate · that there are no major disturbances in the resettled populations. · availability of support staff (translators, etc) |
12 Appendix Responses from WEDC Conference
A questionnaire was distributed to delegates at the WEC conference in Addis Ababa (1999). The following results are based on 14 returned questionnaires.
12.1Boreholes and Programmes
All respondents worked with handpumps in development situations (one in both emergency and development), and all but one in the rural sector. The figure below shows that most boreholes cater for 200 – 500 people.
Figure 12-1 Frequency distribution – number of people served per borehole
There was a wide range in the length of training given to community members on pump maintenance, as shown in Figure 12-2. The data sample was insufficient to state with any confidence that there was a link between length of training and proportion of operating boreholes. 80% said they provided follow up training, mostly within a year of training, although some offered this as required.
Figure 12-2 Frequency distribution – duration of training on pump maintenance
Initial participation and payments from the community were a strong feature of these programmes (only one did not encourage this). After installations, most agencies provided support to communities over a period of two years, with one supporting for over 10 years. Most respondents handed responsibility for maintenance to community organisations, although some specified that they were to be supported by government agents.
Nearly one third of respondents reported a shift in settlement around water points provided during times of partial water shortage. Common themes between these were that they handed water points over to community based organisations, and they all stressed the importance of technical issues and spares.
12.2Key Issues
Respondents were invited to list activities and policies leading to sustainability, and barriers inhibiting sustainability; the following tables summarise comments received.
12.2.1Key activities leading to local sustainability
|
Category |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Community responsible for management |
111 |
|
1 |
Community ownership |
11 |
|
2 |
Self initiation |
1 |
|
2 |
Participation at/before installation |
1111 |
|
2 |
Compulsory preparation by users (legal) |
1 |
|
2 |
Community contribution (capital cost) |
1111 |
|
3 |
Training (local gov’t & community structures; watsan committees) |
111111 |
|
3 |
Follow up training and monitoring |
11 |
|
4 |
Participation in management / maintenance |
111111 |
|
4 |
Appointing community mobiliser |
1 |
|
4 |
Legal status to committees and associations |
1 |
|
4 |
Involvement of women |
1 |
|
4 |
Village pump mechanics |
1 |
|
4 |
Village water committees, formation and training |
11 |
|
5 |
Use VLOM pumps |
111 |
|
6 |
Health and hygiene link to water |
11 |
|
6 |
Health education |
1 |
|
7 |
Community contribution (maintenance) |
1 |
|
7 |
Close co-operation with agency for follow up support |
1 |
|
7 |
Reliable pump and spares programme |
11 |
|
7 |
Proximity and convenience of alternative source |
1 |
|
7 |
Regular monitoring and evaluation (local gov’t & community) |
1 |
|
7 |
Communication between gov’t and community |
1 |
|
7 |
Support from local gov’t in O&M |
1 |
|
7 |
Water fund |
1 |
|
7 |
Minimise distance to source |
1 |
|
7 |
Family wells rather than community |
1 |
|
7 |
Availability of water for other uses |
1 |
|
|
|
|
12.2.2Principal blockages
|
Category |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Inefficient training |
1 |
|
3 |
Government office lack of capacity |
11 |
|
3 |
Lack of institutional capacity (all levels) |
1111 |
|
3 |
Lack of training |
11 |
|
3 |
Lack of maintenance ability |
1 |
|
5 |
VLOM pumps require technical support not available in village |
1 |
|
5 |
Use of traditional sources (free) |
1 |
|
7 |
Poor perception of effectiveness of committees |
1 |
|
7 |
Subsidising water sales |
1 |
|
7 |
Conflict between WSCs and local councils |
1 |
|
7 |
Policies not encouraging private company involvement |
11 |
|
7 |
Spares availability; Government spares distribution not effective |
111 |
|
7 |
Lack of technical support |
1 |
|
7 |
distance |
1 |
|
8 |
Community value attached to water systems |
1 |
|
8 |
Hand over to corrupt / disinterested local government |
1 |
|
8 |
Trained technical staff move to better paid jobs |
1 |
|
8 |
People reluctant to take collective responsibility |
1 |
|
8 |
Local disagreements |
1 |
|
8 |
Squandering of maintenance income |
1 |
|
9 |
Economy of the community, willingness to pay |
111111 |
|
9 |
cost |
1 |
|
9 |
High capital cost |
1 |
|
|
|
|
12.3Summary of Key Issues
|
Category |
Description |
Total requirements |
Total Barriers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Community involvement and ownership |
5 |
|
|
2 |
Entry strategy e.g. prior contributions |
10 |
|
|
3 |
Training |
8 |
10 |
|
4 |
Management structure |
12 |
|
|
5 |
Technical |
3 |
2 |
|
6 |
Links to other issues e.g. health & sanitation |
3 |
|
|
7 |
Programme design |
12 |
10 |
|
8 |
Personnel motivation / integrity |
|
6 |
|
9 |
Costs / ability and willingness to pay |
|
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
The most commonly occurring themes for sustainability were training, and participation of wider sections of the community (e.g. all users) in management of water points. Comments on training covered who (for committees, caretakers, mechanics, local government), what (management), and when (follow-up training); the lack of capacity and need for training was also the highest rating barrier to sustainability.
Entry strategy issues such as community participation in planning, and prior contributions (financial or in kind) were perceived as important.
The significance of the technology used was recognised by a number of comments on the need for VLOM technology. It was further commented that even VLOM pumps require technical support not available at village level, so ongoing technical support is required of an external agent. The availability of spares is quoted as both a barrier and a prerequisite for sustainability. It is interesting that a couple of respondents identified lack of private sector involvement as a barrier to sustainability, referring to the provision of spares.
Links to other development issues (health and hygiene) was raised as key policies for sustainability. It is not clear whether this is regarded as essential to achieve sustainability of water points, or whether links are required to achieve sustainability of overall development projects.
Ongoing monitoring and evaluation was raised by a couple of respondents as a key activity for local sustainability. This raises interesting questions over ownership of water points, as some external agent would need to assume responsibility for M&E activities. Although some comments refer to relationships between community and agency (pre-handover), others refer to support and communication between community and local government, implying that local government appears to be the most likely organisation to provide ongoing support needed for sustainability.
The most commonly identified single barrier to sustainability is lack of payment – variously attributed to economic condition of the community, ability of individuals, and willingness of individuals.
A major problem is presented in motivation of communities and staff. Although corruption, over which programmes may have little influence, is mentioned, it does not dominate, and issues arising from management structures are equally important e.g. migration of trained mechanics.
12.4Emergency Installations
Respondents were asked whether boreholes installed in times of water shortage would be more susceptible to poor management than those installed during times of adequate water supply.
12.5Reasons given
|
Yes |
|
|
Poor siting |
1 |
|
They will not be interested to look after it |
1 |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
|
People will return to original sources if not educated |
1 |
|
Depends on value attached to system |
1 |
|
As long as there are health clubs |
1 |
|
People have stronger sense of felt need |
11 |
|
In Ethiopia most of population in emergency situation |
1 |
|
Depends on cohesion of community |
1 |
|
Needs effective training for maintenance |
1 |
|
|
|
75% of respondents felt that drought conditions should make no difference to the future management of boreholes, although most gave conditions for achieving this e.g. training, cohesive community. Stronger felt need was given as a reason why the management of boreholes installed during drought could be equally good.
13 Appendix Valid percentages of variables